Once basic requirements are met, consumers' perception of product quality is directed to animal welfare. Both in and beyond Europe, animal farming systems for egg production and laying hens are transitioning from indoor cage to cage-free systems (often still based on high stocking densities and selected genotypes) as well as alternative systems, such as organic and free-range using resilient genotypes and extensive conditions. Based on a One-Welfare approach, this chapter addresses the impacts and research challenges of this transition, ongoing welfare concerns for animals and impacts on egg quality.