This book provides a comprehensive understanding of the water resources status in the northern areas of the Qinling Mountains, China, which are considered strategically important as the central water tower of China. The book presents the findings of a thorough water resources research conducted in the northern Qinling Mountainous areas from 2019 to 2022. The research included field investigations of the main rivers and groundwater in the region, estimation of base flow for the main rivers, and assessment of water quality for both rivers and groundwater. Special attention was given to studying surface water-groundwater interactions in selected areas of the northern Qinling Mountains. Furthermore, the book thoroughly examined the land use changes and their impacts on groundwater nitrate pollution in selected areas. The evaluation of health risks associated with nitrate pollution was discussed, and measures for water resources protection and management in the northern Qinling Mountainswere proposed. This book will be a valuable resource for water professionals and practitioners seeking new knowledge about water resources in this rarely reported area of China. It will also provide meaningful insights for decision-makers involved in formulating effective water policies.