Summary of The History of Tariffs
By Peter Phillips

The History of Tariffs offers a sweeping examination of one of the oldest and most controversial tools in economic policy. From the earliest customs duties imposed by ancient empires to the complex trade wars of the modern global economy, this book traces how tariffs have shaped commerce, diplomacy, and national identity across centuries.

Beginning with the role of tariffs in early civilizations and their importance in funding emerging nation-states, the narrative moves through pivotal moments such as the British Corn Laws, American protectionist policies in the 19th century, and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, which deepened the Great Depression. It highlights the ideological battles between free trade advocates and protectionists and examines how tariffs were used as both economic weapons and tools of domestic development.

The book also explores the formation of trade alliances and international organizations like the GATT and the WTO, which sought to regulate and reduce tariffs in the post-war era. In the 21st century, it analyzes the resurgence of tariff debates amid shifting geopolitical landscapes, particularly in the context of U.S.-China relations, Brexit, and populist movements challenging global trade norms.

Through accessible analysis and historical context, The History of Tariffs presents a clear-eyed view of how this fiscal instrument has influenced world events, protected industries, sparked conflict, and helped define the economic paths of nations.