The colonial Jamaican state was immensely wealthy, but it was a society consumed by fear. The White population feared the possibility of enslaved rebellion and foreign invasion, and the Black population feared their cruel treatment as overworked labourers on Jamaica's brutal but economically productive sugar plantations. With the wealthy White population investing heavily in security to protect themselves from the rebelling enslaved majority, it was a society at war. The wealth of the plantation system meant that White Jamaicans and their imperial representatives were able to secure the finances for this until the last decade of the eighteenth century. By the early nineteenth century, however, the cost was proving increasingly burdensome, and the great slave rebellion of 1831-32 proved fatal to the financial and political viability of the colonial state, leading to emancipation in the mid-1830s. Tropical Leviathan re-evaluates the political and economic history of the colonial Jamaican state in the tumultuous age of revolution and abolition. With a large body of previous unknown data, it provides empirical evidence of a functioning colonial state that, contrary to previous interpretations, was far from declining in the years immediately before the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. Aaron Graham provides in-depth analysis of the ways in which Jamaica's economy attempted but eventually failed to provide the resources that would maintain Jamaica as a functioning plantation state and explains how the cost of securing the colonial state against enslaved opposition eventually led to near-state bankruptcy and to enslaved emancipation. Tropical Leviathan is a comprehensive study of the complex intersections between slavery and security in a slave society and an important re-evaluation of Jamaica in the age of revolution and abolition. The making, breaking, and remaking of the colonial state emerges as key in the rise and fall of slavery in Jamaica.