This volume contains eight chapters that detail advances in materials science research. Chapter one introduces a new method for producing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) at the air/water interface employing the approach of Langmuir monolayer. Chapter two systematically reviews literature data concerning the specifics and patterns of electrochemical methods for the metal surface treatment using electrolytes based on choline chloride assisted DESs. Chapter three is devoted to the experimental study of modifications of the irradiated Ar+ surface of metallic materials in the nanometer ranges from the irradiated surface. Chapter four summarizes the research progress of narrow-band from the perspective of mechanisms, materials, and applications. Chapter five presents recent studies in the use of natural and modified clinoptilolite and clinoptilolite-based composites for removal of inorganic (metal and non-metal) and organic (including emerging) pollutants from water via adsorption. Chapter six introduces DoE to those new to the field, while providing a framework to evaluate and to choose the correct design for their intended objectives. Chapter seven explores the corrosion properties of brazed assemblies of galvanized steel (08Yu Grade) obtained through various methods: welding (MAG), plasma and TIG brazing, and the CMT process. The last chapter provides relevant new insights regarding the microstructure of plasma-modified LW and its functional performance on degradable matrices, as well as the research gaps, trends, and challenges that industries like automotive, water treatment, additive manufacture, and textile require.