Martin Jay is Sidney Hellman Ehrman Professor of History Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught Modern European Intellectual History and Critical Theory for forty-five years. Among his works are The Dialectical Imagination; Marxism and Totality; Adorno; Permanent Exiles; Fin-de-si¿cle Socialism; Force Fields; Downcast Eyes; Cultural Semantics; Refractions of Violence; Songs of Experience; The Virtues of Mendacity; Essays from the Edge; Kracauer: l'exil¿; and Reason after Its Eclipse. He has been a regular columnist for Salmagundi since 1987.