This volume includes eight chapters that detail recent advances in health and disease. Chapter One discusses the risk factors and management strategies of fragility fractures. Chapter Two summarizes how cognitive reserve can protect humans from normal aging processes and the appearance of neuropathological diseases. Chapter Three gives an overview of the fracture healing process. Chapter Four provides new insights into discovering new drugs against inflammation through computational methods. Chapter Five details the correlation between antiresorption therapies in osteoporosis and the development of atypical femoral fractures. Chapter Six explains the health damage caused by the major metabolite of nicotine, cotinine. Chapter Seven proposes a fast, non-invasive method for the analysis of virus genomes in warts and their destruction by hypoxia. Lastly, Chapter Eight aims to assess the magnitude of throat carriage, associated factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Group A Streptococus among healthy school children in Eastern Ethiopia.