Over the last thirty years, humanity has discovered thousands of planets outside of our solar system. The discovery of extraterrestrial life could be imminent. This book explains how such a discovery might impact Islamic theology. It is the foundational reference on the subject, comprising a variety of different insights from both Sunni and Shi'i positions, from different Muslim contexts, and with chapters that compare and contrast Islamic perspectives with Christianity. Together, they address some of our biggest questions through an Islamic lens: What makes humans unique in the cosmos? What are the ethics of dealing with other sentient beings? And how universal is salvation? Given the accelerating advances in exoplanet research and astrobiology, the book is at the frontier of science and Islamic thought. Contributors include a range of leading experts from Muslim theologians, scholars of comparative religion and philosophers, to historians, social scientists and natural scientists. Islamic Theology and Extraterrestrial Life takes one small, but significant, step as a pioneer work in exotheology, but potentially representing one giant leap for a forthcoming discipline. Through a series of thought-provoking chapters that span various disciplines, including Islamic theology, jurisprudence, and Christianity, this work delves into hitherto relatively uncharted scholarly territories. It explores scholarly, complex and intellectually intriguing questions, such as how the discovery of extraterrestrial life forms aligns with religious beliefs. Do these forms of life possess souls and spirituality? How do we ethically and spiritually relate to them? This volume offers a captivating journey into unexplored realms of religion and science, inviting readers to contemplate the mysteries of the cosmos.