Tanzania has been a recipient of donor aid since the sixties and its relationships with donors have evolved considerably since then. One critical moment was in the early 1980s when donors began to question Tanzania's basic policy framework and management, firstly cutting back aid, and then tying it more directly to policy reforms, which precipitated worsening relations. At the height of this deterioration the Danish government funded an independent group of local and foreign experts to address the problems, primarily the point that Tanzania and Tanzanians no longer owned their policies and projects: and in 2000 the Economic and Social Research Foundation was appointed as an independent broker to co-ordinate further. Professor Wangwe, the editor of this volume, was part of the working group. His book contains The Helleiner Report (1995) and recommendations, which initiated the new phase of monitoring; and records of the subsequent independent assessments made between 1997 and 2000. He presents an individual country's experience of reforming and monitoring aid relationships, with a view to contributing to wider debates about new partnerships in development co- operation within individual countries, and the African continent more widely; in particular within the framework of NEPAD.