1. Introduction.- 2. Changing Concepts of Childhood and Adolescence.- 3. Psychosocial Theories of Childhood and Adolescence.- 4. Attachment, Parenting, and Culture.- 5. Sociability, Self-identity, and Self-esteem.- 6. Play, Learning and Developmental Wellbeing.- 7. Ambiguity within Family Life.- 8. Deviance and Labelling.- 9. Medicalisation of children and adolescents' lives.- 10. Impact of long-term conditions during childhood and adolescence.- 11. Vulnerability and Resilience in Childhood and Adolescence.- 12. Conclusion.