It is widely held that economists, as scientists, should not consider ethical values, even in welfare economics and policy evaluation. This volume challenges this view and shows that ethical values have actually been pervasive and important when considering applied issues. 'This book is a must read for anyone interested in the history of welfare economics, a new and very exciting stream of research. This highly original collective work convincingly showing how economists step outside from the welfarist framework when engaged with practice. The book thus challenges the common idea that economists have adopted a welfarist approach.' Herrade Igersheim-Chauvet, French National Center for Scientific Research