Carla Mucignat-Caretta, PhD, is associate professor of physiology at the Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, University of Padova in Italy. She earned a PhD in neuroscience at the University of Parma, Italy, working on the role of major urinary proteins as pheromones in mice. She next moved to the University of Padova as a researcher and eventually associate professor. Her research focus is on the intraspecific chemical communication in mice, from chemical identification of the stimuli to the behavioral and neurohormonal effects induced in the recipient mice, and to the modifications in the brain circuits implied in deciphering chemical signals throughout the lifespan.