Nicholas Boreham is Professor of Education and Employment in the Institute of Education, University of Stirling, Scotland, and was previously Professor of Education in the University of Manchester, England. He has researched and published widely in the field of occupational competence, work-related knowledge and vocational training, with particular reference to decision-making and learning in health care and industrial process control., Renan Samurcay was charge de recherche at the CNRS research unit on Cognition et Activitis Finalises at the Universite Paris VIII at Saint-Denis, France, until her death in December 2001. She completed an extensive programme of research into the cognitive processes of operators in complex dynamic environments such as blast furnaces and nuclear power plants., Martin Fischer is Head of the Department of Information Technology and Competence at the Institut Technik und Bildung, Universiet of Bremen, Germany. His current research and teaching focuses on the relationship between changing work requirements and the acquisition of work-related knowledge and skills in education and training.